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What does hard water contain that reduces the ability of soap and shampoo to lather?

  1. Chlorine

  2. Sodium

  3. Minerals

  4. Carbonates

The correct answer is: Minerals

Hard water contains minerals such as calcium and magnesium that reduce the ability of soap and shampoo to lather. Chlorine, sodium, and carbonates do not affect the lathering ability of soap and shampoo. Chlorine is a disinfectant commonly used in water treatment that does not interact with soap. Sodium, a component of salt, is often used to soften water, but on its own does not have a significant effect on lathering. Carbonates, such as calcium carbonate, can leave a residue on hair and skin, but they do not directly affect lathering ability. Therefore, option C, minerals, is the correct answer.